Foreword The use of (work) reliability engineering and maintenance engineering are two closely related disciplines. Like twin sisters, they have already been born and grown. Similarly, storage (non-working) reliability engineering and packaging engineering should also be two closely related disciplines, but the packaging project in the pair of twin sisters has not yet been born as a discipline. This article is to regard packaging engineering as a discipline, construct packaging concept, and construct a framework theory of packaging engineering theory to stimulate it. To increase the existing reliability (R), maintainability (M), and supportability (S), that is, to add a new member to the R·M·S family—packaging (P) to become R·M·P·S . As a result, first of all, the development, use, and protection of modern products are transformed into the development, packaging, use, and guarantee of more systematic and scientific system engineering. The theory of packaging engineering and its applications, the specific characteristics of the products or systems involved, and the physical, chemical, and structural characteristics all relate to how to achieve rapid packaging with minimal resources. Therefore, packaging projects can To reduce the consumption of wrapping materials during packaging, to simplify the packaging containers, to reduce the input of auxiliary materials, to reduce the man-hours and manpower for packing, and more importantly, to reduce the consumption of natural resources and to facilitate the use of waste and waste from environmental considerations. Management and reuse, more clearly and forcefully support the "3R" (Reduc, Reuse, Recycie) principle.
1. The outline of packaging engineering theory The packaging engineering theory and its application now proposed is a new concept. It is a new category that is different from traditional packaging engineering theory and its application. Packaging is not only the result of in-depth research on packaging engineering, but also the result of comprehensive research on reliability, maintainability, security, man-machine-ring engineering, efficiency and cost.
1.1 Concept of Packaging Product system design must consider a variety of different requirements, such as reliability, maintainability, security, safety, productivity, and human-machine-ring factors. However, in the product system engineering, in the traditional packaging engineering theory, there is no concept of packaging, and the status and role of packaging cannot be embodied in the product system design.
Packing is one of the important parameters in product system design. Like its design parameters, it must be given as a part of product system engineering with due consideration and careful consideration. The performance of product packaging to protect or maintain the product's good use of state, or even whether the product can be used, its importance is no less than the reliability, maintainability, security and other factors. However, today's product designers often ignore these, more concerned about the performance of the product system design, and at most care about reliability and maintainability of the design.
Since reliability, maintainability, security, and man-machine-ring engineering have all emerged as an engineering discipline associated with annual product design and development, it is entirely reasonable to think of packageability as a product design feature because It is closely related to reliability, maintainability, security, security, etc., and has its own operability (productivity, accessibility, testability, controllability, security, etc.). Therefore, packaging engineering is a discipline closely related to product system design and should be a part of product system design to ensure that products are economically and effectively packaged under the conditions specified during storage and transportation.
1.1.1 Packageability Definition Packageability refers to the characteristics of product or equipment system design and manufacturing, so that it has a better ability to accept packaging, achieves the purpose of effective preservation and protection during storage and transportation, and requires only less packaging. Hours of work, tools, facilities, lower level of packaging skills, and fewer packaging repetitions and lower packaging and logistics costs. Where the packaging still uses the original definition, the packaging is the overall name of the materials, containers and auxiliary materials used to protect the product, facilitate storage, and promote sales in the process of circulation. It also means that in order to achieve the above purpose, The use of materials, containers, and aids adds certain technical methods to the process.
1.1.2 The purpose of packaging A packaging project involves the standby state of a product or equipment system. Also known as the use state, it refers to the ability of a product or equipment system to be used once it is needed. Standby conditions include the requirements of multiple factors, the most important of which is its inherent reliability. Packaging is the protection and preservation of the reliability of products or equipment systems in storage and transportation, and meets the requirements for the reliability of products or equipment systems when they are stored and used.
It is possible to achieve product reliability even if it is at the time of storage and transportation, so as to maintain the reliability of the product so that it does not fail. However, under the conditions of modern science and technology, the various components and parts required for such products may be expensive, even making the product uneconomical, or the cost-effectiveness of the products is not good, although it can be simplified. Packaging, reducing packaging costs; and appropriately reduce the cost of components, or parts, make the product more economical, through appropriate increase in packaging costs, to achieve a better total cost of product requirements. In order to reach a proper balance, the packaging quality, like reliability, maintainability and security, must begin at the stage of product life cycle verification, design, and development. We must weigh product requirements and consider packaging issues. Considerations for packaging and packaging must be an integral part of the product's original plan. Comprehensive logistical solutions that include packaging and packaging issues must be developed at each early stage, and the wells must be approved before the researchers enter their subsequent stages. Without careful consideration of packaging and packaging products in the initial stage, it is often impossible to achieve maximum system efficiency and standby status. Therefore, an appropriate balance must be struck between the logistics support resources required for packaging and packaging work and the product development schedule, performance, and life cycle costs.
1.1.3 Packaging Engineering and Packaging Engineering Packaging and packaging have different meanings. Packing is a measure that should be taken by the designer in order to increase the effective packaging and packaging convenience in the development process. The purpose is to ensure that the production or installation, storage, use and use of It is packaged with the minimum life cycle guarantee cost and the shortest time. The packaging is the action taken by producers or users to save, protect the usable state of the product, and to facilitate storage and transportation. It is defined in the Chinese National Standard GB4122 "Packaging General Terms": "Packaging is the protection of products in circulation. The overall name of the containers, materials, and auxiliary materials used for the convenience of storage, sales promotion, and certain technical methods are also intended to achieve the above-mentioned purpose. In the process of using containers, materials, and auxiliary materials, certain technical methods and other operational activities are applied. â€
Protecting the needs of producers or users in all aspects of the life cycle is the responsibility of the packaging project because they affect all aspects of the design; design is the responsibility of the packaging project. Since the definition of packageability is "the intrinsic performance of a package-friendly design," packaged engineering must be involved in product design, and packaging features must be incorporated into the design of the product. Packaging design requirements are the result of analysis of the packaging project and reflect the needs of the producer or user. The task of the packaging engineer is to understand whether the packaging characteristics necessary to meet these requirements are already included in the product design contract. The packaging project must be combined with other departments of product quality to ensure the necessary performance of the product and consider the packaging cost and total cost of the product in the whole life cycle. And because of the definition of packaging mentioned above, of course, the definition of packaging project can also be given: "Packaging engineering is the field of technical activities in product packaging, is the concept of product protection and convenient storage and transportation, retention and development related This kind of design philosophy, guidelines and technical requirements ensure that the product is protected in a timely, appropriate and economic manner.†The packaging engineer is concerned about how the product is used and packaged after it leaves the factory and reaches the user. He should represent the needs of the user and will necessarily involve The mission of the product, analysis of its use and protection, environmental conditions for product use, packaging and storage, identification of packaging, packaging and other safeguard resources, and packaging measures. It is the responsibility to understand whether the user's needs for packaging are reflected in the product design and development requirements.
1.2 Quantification of packaging 1.2. Quantitative measurement of the packageability of a package is an important task of a packaged project, and it is a prerequisite and basis for the operability of a packaged project. In this sense, the definition of packaging may also be: “a design and production characteristic expressed in Dingchang; when the packaging is implemented according to predetermined resources and methods, within a given storage time and condition Product will be maintained or protected in its prescribed standby state performance function." Parametric variables are: packing level, packing hours, packing costs, and number of repacking times; independent variables are: protection or storage time; effectiveness functions are degree of protection.
See the following equation:
P(t)=Po·α·t/T
Where: alpha: packaging level x packaging hours x packaging cost x times of repackaging;
t: product effective storage period;
T: The largest (assorted) storage period of the product;
P: the degree of standby status of the product;
Po: The degree to which the product is designed for standby (maximum).
1.2.2 Analysis of factors that make up the packaging![]()
In order to achieve the desired effective package design, all parameters in the system model must be able to be processed qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, the determination of the packaging system design optimization will include the integration of the respective parameters and achieve the cost-performance trade-off. In addition to treating each parameter separately in its own discipline, it is necessary to integrate these parameters together into an optimized system. This is the method of system engineering. In addition to being a parameter of system design, packaging can also be used as a general indicator to decompose into many sub-indicators. They are the packaging grade, packaging man-hours, packaging costs, packaging repetitions, and packaging availability. Different products or the same product, due to different standby tasks, should have different packaging levels. Different packaging levels refer to different packaging resources and corresponding packaging guarantees; the higher the packaging level, the more packaging resources are used and the packaging is more effective. Also high. Packing time refers to the man-hour required for a package, which is the degree of use of human resources. In general, simple packaging, less hours; complex packaging, more hours. Packaging costs usually refer to the cost of a package, which is a statistically significant parameter. In the industrial advanced countries, various types of products used for packaging costs generally account for 10% to 15% of the product cost; when emphasizing promotion functions, the proportion can be greater. This kind of economic parameters is very important, especially when the number of repeated packaging is large, the cost problem in the whole product life cycle is more important. Packaging effectiveness is the degree of protection of the product's standby state. It is related to the previous four parameters.
1.2.3 Problems in Quantification of Packaging The quantification of packaging is the premise and foundation of packaging engineering theory and the basis for the implementation of packaging projects, but it is also an extremely complex and arduous task. Problems with quantification of packaging:
First of all, the definition of packaging, if expressed in terms of probability, may be: "Package is a property of design and production expressed in terms of probability; means that when a package is implemented according to predetermined methods and resources, given conditions of storage and transportation The probability that a product will be maintained and protected in its prescribed state within the time frame." Storage conditions are parameter variables and time is an independent variable. Because the damage mechanism and fault nature of the product in the storage work are different, and the parameter and the independent variable are all in some form of statistical distribution, so that the quantification of packaging increases the difficulty.
Second, packaging exists in the product's life cycle, and the analysis of the environment is performed throughout the entire process. The packaging life cycle is only a sub-period of the whole life cycle, nested in it; the analysis of the environment is only in this sub-cycle, according to the reduction of waste sources, reuse, recovery, incineration, landfill fixed procedures. Therefore, there must be some qualitative expression of packaging, and it cannot be a single quantitative one.
2. Related concepts and integrated trade-offs. As a system of technical products, it is possible to accomplish a certain task.
1. The outline of packaging engineering theory The packaging engineering theory and its application now proposed is a new concept. It is a new category that is different from traditional packaging engineering theory and its application. Packaging is not only the result of in-depth research on packaging engineering, but also the result of comprehensive research on reliability, maintainability, security, man-machine-ring engineering, efficiency and cost.
1.1 Concept of Packaging Product system design must consider a variety of different requirements, such as reliability, maintainability, security, safety, productivity, and human-machine-ring factors. However, in the product system engineering, in the traditional packaging engineering theory, there is no concept of packaging, and the status and role of packaging cannot be embodied in the product system design.
Packing is one of the important parameters in product system design. Like its design parameters, it must be given as a part of product system engineering with due consideration and careful consideration. The performance of product packaging to protect or maintain the product's good use of state, or even whether the product can be used, its importance is no less than the reliability, maintainability, security and other factors. However, today's product designers often ignore these, more concerned about the performance of the product system design, and at most care about reliability and maintainability of the design.
Since reliability, maintainability, security, and man-machine-ring engineering have all emerged as an engineering discipline associated with annual product design and development, it is entirely reasonable to think of packageability as a product design feature because It is closely related to reliability, maintainability, security, security, etc., and has its own operability (productivity, accessibility, testability, controllability, security, etc.). Therefore, packaging engineering is a discipline closely related to product system design and should be a part of product system design to ensure that products are economically and effectively packaged under the conditions specified during storage and transportation.
1.1.1 Packageability Definition Packageability refers to the characteristics of product or equipment system design and manufacturing, so that it has a better ability to accept packaging, achieves the purpose of effective preservation and protection during storage and transportation, and requires only less packaging. Hours of work, tools, facilities, lower level of packaging skills, and fewer packaging repetitions and lower packaging and logistics costs. Where the packaging still uses the original definition, the packaging is the overall name of the materials, containers and auxiliary materials used to protect the product, facilitate storage, and promote sales in the process of circulation. It also means that in order to achieve the above purpose, The use of materials, containers, and aids adds certain technical methods to the process.
1.1.2 The purpose of packaging A packaging project involves the standby state of a product or equipment system. Also known as the use state, it refers to the ability of a product or equipment system to be used once it is needed. Standby conditions include the requirements of multiple factors, the most important of which is its inherent reliability. Packaging is the protection and preservation of the reliability of products or equipment systems in storage and transportation, and meets the requirements for the reliability of products or equipment systems when they are stored and used.
It is possible to achieve product reliability even if it is at the time of storage and transportation, so as to maintain the reliability of the product so that it does not fail. However, under the conditions of modern science and technology, the various components and parts required for such products may be expensive, even making the product uneconomical, or the cost-effectiveness of the products is not good, although it can be simplified. Packaging, reducing packaging costs; and appropriately reduce the cost of components, or parts, make the product more economical, through appropriate increase in packaging costs, to achieve a better total cost of product requirements. In order to reach a proper balance, the packaging quality, like reliability, maintainability and security, must begin at the stage of product life cycle verification, design, and development. We must weigh product requirements and consider packaging issues. Considerations for packaging and packaging must be an integral part of the product's original plan. Comprehensive logistical solutions that include packaging and packaging issues must be developed at each early stage, and the wells must be approved before the researchers enter their subsequent stages. Without careful consideration of packaging and packaging products in the initial stage, it is often impossible to achieve maximum system efficiency and standby status. Therefore, an appropriate balance must be struck between the logistics support resources required for packaging and packaging work and the product development schedule, performance, and life cycle costs.
1.1.3 Packaging Engineering and Packaging Engineering Packaging and packaging have different meanings. Packing is a measure that should be taken by the designer in order to increase the effective packaging and packaging convenience in the development process. The purpose is to ensure that the production or installation, storage, use and use of It is packaged with the minimum life cycle guarantee cost and the shortest time. The packaging is the action taken by producers or users to save, protect the usable state of the product, and to facilitate storage and transportation. It is defined in the Chinese National Standard GB4122 "Packaging General Terms": "Packaging is the protection of products in circulation. The overall name of the containers, materials, and auxiliary materials used for the convenience of storage, sales promotion, and certain technical methods are also intended to achieve the above-mentioned purpose. In the process of using containers, materials, and auxiliary materials, certain technical methods and other operational activities are applied. â€
Protecting the needs of producers or users in all aspects of the life cycle is the responsibility of the packaging project because they affect all aspects of the design; design is the responsibility of the packaging project. Since the definition of packageability is "the intrinsic performance of a package-friendly design," packaged engineering must be involved in product design, and packaging features must be incorporated into the design of the product. Packaging design requirements are the result of analysis of the packaging project and reflect the needs of the producer or user. The task of the packaging engineer is to understand whether the packaging characteristics necessary to meet these requirements are already included in the product design contract. The packaging project must be combined with other departments of product quality to ensure the necessary performance of the product and consider the packaging cost and total cost of the product in the whole life cycle. And because of the definition of packaging mentioned above, of course, the definition of packaging project can also be given: "Packaging engineering is the field of technical activities in product packaging, is the concept of product protection and convenient storage and transportation, retention and development related This kind of design philosophy, guidelines and technical requirements ensure that the product is protected in a timely, appropriate and economic manner.†The packaging engineer is concerned about how the product is used and packaged after it leaves the factory and reaches the user. He should represent the needs of the user and will necessarily involve The mission of the product, analysis of its use and protection, environmental conditions for product use, packaging and storage, identification of packaging, packaging and other safeguard resources, and packaging measures. It is the responsibility to understand whether the user's needs for packaging are reflected in the product design and development requirements.
1.2 Quantification of packaging 1.2. Quantitative measurement of the packageability of a package is an important task of a packaged project, and it is a prerequisite and basis for the operability of a packaged project. In this sense, the definition of packaging may also be: “a design and production characteristic expressed in Dingchang; when the packaging is implemented according to predetermined resources and methods, within a given storage time and condition Product will be maintained or protected in its prescribed standby state performance function." Parametric variables are: packing level, packing hours, packing costs, and number of repacking times; independent variables are: protection or storage time; effectiveness functions are degree of protection.
See the following equation:
P(t)=Po·α·t/T
Where: alpha: packaging level x packaging hours x packaging cost x times of repackaging;
t: product effective storage period;
T: The largest (assorted) storage period of the product;
P: the degree of standby status of the product;
Po: The degree to which the product is designed for standby (maximum).
1.2.2 Analysis of factors that make up the packaging
In order to achieve the desired effective package design, all parameters in the system model must be able to be processed qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, the determination of the packaging system design optimization will include the integration of the respective parameters and achieve the cost-performance trade-off. In addition to treating each parameter separately in its own discipline, it is necessary to integrate these parameters together into an optimized system. This is the method of system engineering. In addition to being a parameter of system design, packaging can also be used as a general indicator to decompose into many sub-indicators. They are the packaging grade, packaging man-hours, packaging costs, packaging repetitions, and packaging availability. Different products or the same product, due to different standby tasks, should have different packaging levels. Different packaging levels refer to different packaging resources and corresponding packaging guarantees; the higher the packaging level, the more packaging resources are used and the packaging is more effective. Also high. Packing time refers to the man-hour required for a package, which is the degree of use of human resources. In general, simple packaging, less hours; complex packaging, more hours. Packaging costs usually refer to the cost of a package, which is a statistically significant parameter. In the industrial advanced countries, various types of products used for packaging costs generally account for 10% to 15% of the product cost; when emphasizing promotion functions, the proportion can be greater. This kind of economic parameters is very important, especially when the number of repeated packaging is large, the cost problem in the whole product life cycle is more important. Packaging effectiveness is the degree of protection of the product's standby state. It is related to the previous four parameters.
1.2.3 Problems in Quantification of Packaging The quantification of packaging is the premise and foundation of packaging engineering theory and the basis for the implementation of packaging projects, but it is also an extremely complex and arduous task. Problems with quantification of packaging:
First of all, the definition of packaging, if expressed in terms of probability, may be: "Package is a property of design and production expressed in terms of probability; means that when a package is implemented according to predetermined methods and resources, given conditions of storage and transportation The probability that a product will be maintained and protected in its prescribed state within the time frame." Storage conditions are parameter variables and time is an independent variable. Because the damage mechanism and fault nature of the product in the storage work are different, and the parameter and the independent variable are all in some form of statistical distribution, so that the quantification of packaging increases the difficulty.
Second, packaging exists in the product's life cycle, and the analysis of the environment is performed throughout the entire process. The packaging life cycle is only a sub-period of the whole life cycle, nested in it; the analysis of the environment is only in this sub-cycle, according to the reduction of waste sources, reuse, recovery, incineration, landfill fixed procedures. Therefore, there must be some qualitative expression of packaging, and it cannot be a single quantitative one.
2. Related concepts and integrated trade-offs. As a system of technical products, it is possible to accomplish a certain task.
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